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Transport Layer Protocols

There are two fundamental protocols in the transport layer 1. TCP Transmission Control Protocol-- connection-oriented protocol 2. UDP User Datagram Protocol -- connectionless protocol Connection-oriented communication : establishes a logical (virtual) connection prior to sending data. Connectionless communication : sends data right away without establishing a logical connection Qn why do we have transport layer protocal? IP provides a weak, but efficient service model (best-effort ) How should hosts send into the network? i.)Flow Control ii.) Too fast is bad; too slow is not efficient IP packets are addressed to a host How to decide which application gets which packets? NOTE TRASPORT LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROCESS TO PROCESS DELIVERY PORTS port is a communication endpoints Since there are many applications running on a computer, there is a need to decide which application gets which packet. A port number is a way to identify a specific application (proc

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Open Source Technologies (OST)

Open Source Technologies (OST): – Refers to technologies that can be freely used and modified. • Users can derive economic benefit from the modified technology, but cannot prevent others from using the technology or modifying further for their own economic gain. • Technology: – Refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in an industry Open Source Software – Refers to software in which the source code used to create the software is freely available for the public to view, edit, and redistribute. • Open source – Refers to something that people can modify and share as it is publicly available. • Source code – Refers to the code that computer programmers can manipulate to change the way how a piece of software works. » This is the part of software which most of the computer users never see Open Source Software: Cont … – Any type of software program can be open source, including: • Operating systems (e.g., Linux) • Databases (e.g., PostgreSQL) • App

Object oriented development

Definition of Terms Object-Oriented Design This is concerned with developing an object- oriented model of a software system to implement the identified requirements. The objects in an object-oriented design is related to the solution to the problem. There may be close relationships between some problem objects and some solution objects, but the designer inevitably has to add new objects and to transform problem objects to implement the solution. Object-Oriented Programming This is concerned with realizing a software design using an object-oriented programming language, such as Java or C++. An object-oriented a programming language provides constructs to define object classes and a run-time system to create objects from these classes. An Object An object is an entity that has a state and a defined set of operations that operate on that state. The state is represented as a set of object attributes. The operations associated with the object provide services to other objects (clients) th

Computer Networking Protocols

Introduction to layered models When networks first came into being, computers could typically communicate only with computers from the same manufacturer. For example, companies ran either a complete DECnet solution or an IBM solution—not both together. Layering is a modern network design principle that divides the communication tasks into a number of smaller parts, each part accomplishing a particular sub-task and interacting with the other parts in a small number of well-defined ways. To reduce their design complexity, most networks are organized as a stack of layers or levels, each one built upon the one below it. What differs from one network to another:- 1.The number of layers 2.The name of each layer 3.The contents of each layer and 4.The function of each layer. ->The entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines are called peers. ->The peers may be processes, hardware devices, or even human beings. ->In other words, it is the peers that communicate